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Shortly after his indictment in January 2009, Conahan pleaded guilty. He later withdrew his plea, intending to take the case to trial. Eventually he pleaded guilty once more. On September 23, 2011, he was sentenced to 17.5 years in prison and ordered to pay over $900,000 in fines and restitution. He is being held in the low-security complex component of the Federal Correctional Institution, Coleman, in Florida with an anticipated release date of 2026.

Along with his fellow Luzerne county Judge Mark Ciavarella, Conahan became infamous as a result of the notorious Pennsylvania "Kids for cash" scandal in 2008.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Internal Revenue Service also investigated the two judges, although the particular timeline and scope of the confidential investigations by the federal agencies were not disclosed. Part of the investigation concerned issues that had been raised during disciplinary hearings over the conduct of another troubled former Luzerne County judge, Anne H. Lokuta. In November 2006, Lokuta appeared before Pennsylvania's Judicial Conduct Board to respond to charges regarding her using court workers to do her housework, having openly displayed bias against attorneys arguing cases before her, and having publicly humiliated courthouse staff causing those employees mental distress. The board ruled against Lokuta in November 2008, resulting in her removal from the bench. During the course of those disciplinary hearings, Lokuta accused Conahan of bullying behavior, further charging that he was behind a conspiracy to have her removed. Because Lokuta had aided the FBI's investigation into the "kids for cash" scheme prior to the determination of the disciplinary board, the state Supreme Court stayed the removal order in March 2009 in light of the ongoing corruption investigations. That paused Lokuta's removal and obviated the election that was scheduled for that May to fill the seat her removal would have left vacant. The state Supreme Court decided, 4-1, to uphold Lokuta's removal from the bench in January 2011, making findings that she had indeed received a sufficiently fair trial, regardless of Carnahan's adverse testimony. That court also ordered the expungements of the records of 2,401 of those juveniles who were affected by the judicial misconduct. During the Lokuta hearing, Conahan testified that there were no out-of-court social relationships amongst the county judges. However, Judge Michael Toole, who was later convicted of case fixing, as well as another county judge, had each stayed at a Florida condo jointly owned by Conahan and Ciavarella.

The Pennsylvania state Judicial Conduct Board had received four complaints about Conahan between 2004 and 2008, but later admitted it failed to investigate any of them, nor had it sought documentation regarding the cases involved. In 2006, the FBI was tipped off about Conahan and nepotism in the county courts. An additional investigation into improper sentencing in Luzerne County began early in 2007 resulting from requests for help from several youths that were received by the Philadelphia-based Juvenile Law Center. The Center's attorneys determined that several hundred cases had been tried without the teenaged defendants having received adequate assistance of counsel. In April 2008, the Center petitioned the Pennsylvania Supreme Court seeking relief for alleged violation of the civil rights of those young defendants. The court initially denied the application for relief, then in January 2009 after charges of corruption against the both judges surfaced, it reconsidered in favor of the appellants.

Ronald Belletiere from Florida was sentenced in the 1990s to 4½ years in federal prison in connection with a Hazleton cocaine-trafficking ring. A witness in that case testified that in 1986, then-Magisterial District Judge Conahan called to tip him off that his drug connection was being investigated. Conahan allegedly referred the man to Belletiere as a safer source to obtain drugs. During a sidebar with a judge in that case, the prosecutor described Conahan as an "unindicted co-conspirator." That disclosure became public in 1994 eight months after Conahan was sworn in for his first term as a county judge. At a press conference he held to deny the allegation, he blamed the charges on "common criminals" looking for favorable treatment with prosecutors.

Michael T. Conahan (born April 21, 1952) is a convicted felon who received a J.D. degree from Temple University. He served from 1994-2007 as Judge on the Court of Common Pleas, the last four years as President Judge. In January 2008 Conahan became president judge of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania.